Transmission line for electrical signaling systems



Nov. 2, 1937.

J. J. B. LAIR ET AL v TRANSMISSION LINE FOR ELECTRICAL SIGNALING SYSTEMS 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Feb. 6, 1932 Y J. J 5. LA//? MENTOR? a. 5. M PERROUX ATTORNEY Nov. 2, 1937. J. J. B. YLAIR ET AL TRANSMISSION LINE FOR ELECTRICAL SIGNALING SYSTEMS Filed Feb. 6, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG/0 J. J 5. LA//? G. E M P RROUX i v ATTORNEY //Vl ENTOR5 Nov. 2, 1937.

J. J. B. LAlR ET AL TRANSMISSION LINE FOR ELECTRICAL SIGNALING SYSTEMS Filed Feb. 6, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet 3' FIG. /2

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r x A T Z E zv-M ATTORNEY INVENTORS UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1* TRANSMISSION LINE FOR ELECTRICAL SIGNALING SYSTEMS Julien J. B. Lair and Georges E. M. Perroux, Paris, France, assignors to Western Electric Company, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York A pplication February 6, 1932, Serial No. 591,429 In Great Britain April 1, 1931 14 Claims. (Cl. 250-33) This invention relates to signaling systems and comprise distributed or lumped impedances. more particularly to the provision in such systems The auxiliary circuit mentioned above may be asof means for reducing or eliminating the influence sociated with or coupled to the signaling circuit of disturbances such as disturbing currents which in numerous differentways, as for example, elecmay be set up in such signaling systems. trostatically, electromagnetically, conductively 5 In the prior art various methods or arrangeor the like. ments have been proposed for reducing the effect Another feature comprises an improved arof disturbances set up in signaling systems. rangement for reducing the effect of spurious These disturbances comprise mostly longitudinal circulation currents which may be set up in a currents which have the same directions (same transmission circuit, said arrangement compris- 10 phase) in the two wires of the transmission line ing a transmission line constituted by means of a l and spurious circulation currents which have plurality of pairs of wires symmetrically disposed opposite directions in the said wires. and interconnected so that the spurious circula- Among the prior suggestions, mention may be tion currents set up in any conductor of one pair made of an arrangement suggested in connecof wires are balanced by the spurious circulation 15 tion with submarine cables whereby an incurrents set up in the other wire of said pair of ductance may be introduced in series in the path wires, thus reducing or eliminating the influence of the longitudinal currents set up in the transof the spurious circulation currents upon a sigmission circuit without introducing inductances naling apparatus connected to the signaling cir- 30 in the path of the circulation currents. This arcuit.

2 rangement is limited to the reduction of the effect The above and other features of the invention 0 of longitudinal currents and does not function will be more readily understood from the followto eliminate the effect of the spurious circulation ing description and the drawings in which like currents. I reference characters designate elements of simi- An object of the present invention is to relar function and in which: 25 duce or eliminate the effect of disturbing cur- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram used for explainrents or spurious oscillations which may be set ing features of the invention; up in signaling circuits such as, for instance, Figs. 2, 3,4 and 5 illustrate byway of example, a transmission line. various ways in which an auxiliary circuit may Another object of the invention is to attenuate be associatedwith a transmission vcircuit; 3O greatly undesired longitudinal currents. Figs. 6 and. 7 illustrate arrangements for drain- Still another object of the invention is to sepaing the longitudinal disturbing currents in high rate the undesired longitudinal currents and the frequency trans iss n c c ts; circulation currents. Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11 illustrate arrangements According to one feature of the invention there for reducing the effects of longitudinal disturb- 35 is provided an improved method for reducing exing currents utilizing the properties of twisted traneous disturbances in a signaling circuit which transmission lines;

comprises increasing as much as possible the at- Fig. 12 illustrates an arrangement utilizing tenuation offered to disturbing currents without auxiliary high frequency transmission lines;

materially increasing the signaling circuit at- Figs. 13 and 14 a schematic a s e 40 tenuation, said method comprising further assofor explaining the arrangement of Fig; 12; ciating with and/or inserting in the signaling cir- Fig. 15 illustrates another arrangement utilizcuit one or more auxiliary circuits proportioned g i frequency transmission lines; and arranged with regard to the signaling circuit Figs. 1 and a sc mati d a rams used so as to increase the series impedance and/or for explaining the arrangement of Fig. 15; I 45 the shunt admittance of said signaling circuits for Fig. 18 shows a transmission circuit adapted the disturbing currents'without materially reactto reduce the influence upon terminal apparatus ing upon the characteristics of the signaling cirof spurious circulation .currents set up in a transl cuit as regards the circulation currents. The mission circuit; 7 j V 0 shunt elements and the series elements serving to Fig- 1 ShOWS a h que y cti a S increase the shunt admittance and series imnaling system embodying features of the invenpedance, respectively, for longitudinal currents tion. may be combined so that the extraneous dis- Referring now: to Fig. 1 there is shown an arturbances may be reduced over a predetermined rangcment in which two devices A and B are conrange of frequencies and these elements may nected by means of a translliission circuit TL v comprising conductors a, b and (11, Zn. The apparatus A and B may be of any type whatsoever, for instance, apparatus A may be a transmitter and apparatus B a receiver. Apparatus A may be coupled to the transmission circuit TL by any well known arrangement such as a coupling transformer Tu and the apparatus B maylike' wise be coupled to the transmission circuit TL by a coupling transformer TrB. The transmission circuit may be constituted of several wires in parallel or of several concentric conductors. Normally, the currents transmitted between the two devices A and B are of the same value in each one of the wires ab and a1 b1, and in opposite directions as shown by the arrows f and f. However, along its length the transmission line or circuit is subjected to inductive eiiects from the surrounding medium setting up disturbing longitudinal currents and spurious circulation currents in the transmission line, the circuit for the longitudinal currents comprising both wires of the transmission line in parallel and an impedance path to ground through the apparatus A and B. The circuit for spurious circulation currents may be the same as that of the signaling currents.

It is apparent that if no special precaution is taken the above mentioned disturbing currents will influence the apparatus A and B.

In accordance with this invention, however, auxiliary circuits are associated with the transmission circuit TL so as to reduce the effect upon the terminal apparatus A and B of disturbing currents existing in the transmission circuit TL. Thus, an auxiliary circuit M1 is associated with the transmission circuit TL by means of a coupling device K1 which is illustrated as an inductive coupling device, but which of course may be any other type of coupling device. The coupling between the transmission circuit TL and the auxiliary circuit M1 may be adjustable. As will be seen later in connection with the other figures of the drawings, it is possible to proportion and to arrange the circuit M1 with regard to the transmission circuit TL so that the combination of the two constitutes a path having a high impedance for longitudinal currents while substantially not affecting the transmission characteristics of the circuit TL for the circulation currents.

Another auxiliary circuit is associated in shunt between the'wires of the transmission line TL as shown in M2, Fig. 1, by means of a suitable coupling device K2 which similarly may be of any suitable type and which may also be adjustable. This auxiliary circuit M2 is arranged to constitute a path having a high admittance for longitudinal currents without substantially affecting the transmission characteristics of the transmission line TL as regards the signaling currents and it is connected to ground as shown in Fig. 1, so as to drain to earth the said longitudinal currents. Still another auxiliary circuit M3 may be inserted in series in the transmission circuit TL, this auxiliary circuit being coupled to the transmission circuit TL by means of suitable coupling devices K3 and K4. The auxiliary circuit M3 is arranged to constitute a high impedance path for longitudinal currents without materially affecting the characteristics of the transmission circuit TL as regards the signaling currents.

The auxiliary circuits M1 and M3 will be called hereafter series elements whereas the auxiliary circuit M2 will be called shunt element. Since -the efiect of the above mentioned auxiliary circuits may be selective in frequency, it is often desirable to proportion the series and shunt elements in such a way that the arrangement operates as a discriminator for longitudinal currents and circulation currents over a predetermined frequency range.

In addition to the above, the transmission circuit TL is protected against spurious circulation currents. For the purpose of eliminating the effect of the spurious currents the portion of the transmission line exposed to the inductive efiect setting up the said spurious circulation currents may compose a plurality of pairs of wires symmetrically disposed and interconnected in such a way that spurious circulation currents set up in any conductor of one pair of wires are balanced by the spurious circulation currents set up in the other wire of said pair of wires. Instead of uti1izing a pair of wires the transmission lines may each comprise a plurality of wires symmetrically disposed, the wires being divided into groups, and the two groups being symmetrically disposed and also interconnected in a manner similar to the above mentioned pair of wires. This arrangement will be described later in more detail.

As illustrated in Fig. 2, an inductance may be introduced in series in the path of the longitudinal current by coiling up the wires of the transmission line. In order to form with said inductance a parallel resonant circuit lying in the path 1 of the longitudinal currents an auxiliary circuit may be associated with the coiled portion of the transmission line, the said auxiliary circuit comprising impedance elements so arranged and adjusted that they form with the said coiled portion of the transmission line a parallel resonant circuit.

In Fig. 2, a condenser C is associated with the coiled portion L of a transmission line TL so as to form with said coiled portion a parallel resonant circuit lying in the path of the longitudinal .currents which may be set up in the trans-' mission line. The condenser C has its two terminals interconnected by means of a wire W lying in close proximity to the wires of the transmission line, all of the said wires being at least for a portion of their length coiled up so as to form at least one loop in the manner shown in Fig. 2. The coupling between the wires W and the two wires of the transmission line is very tight so that the capacity C is effectually associated with the coiled portion L and forms with it an anti-resonant circuit which is effectually in series in the circuit comprising the two wires of the transmission line connected in parallel.

It should be noted that the two wires of the transmission line TL are twisted together particularly in the coiled portion L of said transmission line. Obviously, the transmission line TL may consist of an even number of substantially parallel conductors which are associated with one or more other wires, such as W, each of which includes a tuning element such as a condenser C.

Figs. 3 to 5 show an improved transmission line TL, a portion of which at least is covered by means of a metallic tube t or any other conductive layer such as wire-gauze, etc. The metallic tube t extends over only the coiled portion of the transmission line L as illustrated on Fig. 3, but it may cover the whole of the transmission line TL. In order to tune the inductance formed by the coiled portion L of the transmission line, a condenser C is provided and interconnected between the two extremities of the metallic tubing t. One wire of the transmission line comprises the metallic tubing itself while the other wire is located inside said metallic tubing and isolated therefrom. The condenser C actually tunes only one wire of the transmission line TL but since the coupling through the coiled portion L of the transmission line is very tight, the second wire of.

the transmission line is practically tuned to the same frequency as the first mentioned wire.

In Fig. 4 there is shown a sectional view of a transmission line comprising a plurality of concentric tubes designated by the numerals l, 2 and 3. Any one of these three conductors may have interconnected between the extremities of its coiled portion a tuning condenser, the two other free conductors being used as the wires of the transmission line.

In Fig. 5 there is shown a transmission line somewhat analogous to that shown in Fig. 3 but in which the two wires of the transmission line' pass through a metallic tubing t. The tuning condenser C in this arrangement is connected between the two extremities of the metallic tubing t, and as explained above this condenser is used to constitute a'tuned circuit with the inductance L of the coiled portion of the transmission line.

In the examples given above there is considered especially the case in which it is desired to attenuate greatly currents of one frequency, or of a narrow range of frequencies, set up in the wires of the transmission line but it should be noted that the principles above disclosed may likewise be adapted for currents extending over a wide range of frequencies. Moreover, instead of an inductance L of large dimensions, an inductance comprising low impedance lines placed at a small distance from each other or a plurality of concentric wires or lead covered wires may be employed.

It may be necessary in certain cases to provide devices for matching impedances at the input and output of the coiled portion L of the transmission line TL. These impedances may be rendered similar, however, by making the length of coiled portion L of the transmission line equal to K being an integral number and being the wavelengths corresponding to the circulation currents. It should be noted that i only must be measured on the transmission line taking into account the speed of propagation of electricity in the said line.

It will be clear that a plurality of coiled portions L may be provided along the length of a transmission line TL in which case it may be necessary to provide means for preventing the formation of standing waves along the transmission lines, and this may be done by inserting a damping resistance of suitable value in which the oscillatory energy of the standing wave maybe dissipated or by properly matching the imped ance.

In Fig. 6 transmission line TL connects the two devices A and B. In order to protect the apparatus B against the influence of longitudinal-disturbing currents, a portion of the transmission line TL is passed through a metallic tubing t which is coiled as shown in L and tuned to a desired frequency by means of a condenser C in a manner similar to that shown in Fig; 5; In

order to provide additional protection against 7 longitudinal disturbing currents a portion of the transmission line is passed through a metallic tube t a portion of which is arranged in such a way that over a substantial surface of this metallic tubing all the points are substantially at the same potential. Preferably this potential is constant. To secure a constant potential, a portion of the metallic tubing is coiled in such a way that each consecutive loop of the coil LL" is in electrical contact with the adjacent loop and this coiled portion is preferably wound on a conductive mandrel. Moreover, the coiled portion L'L" is preferably of small dimensions, particularly when this arrangement is used in a short wave signaling system, in order to insure an equipotential surface.

A constant potential may be applied to the coiled portion L'L, by connecting it to ground or to a screen S or, in the case of an installation comprising vacuum tubes to a point of the filament of one of said tubes. e j

It may be advantageous to have the tube t cover the whole line from device A to coil LL" andchoose the electrical length of the metallic tubing 15' so that this electrical length is equal to an integral multiple of half a wave-length of the circulation currents. However, this electrical condition is not necessary if there is provided in the line TL at the input of the coiled portio LL an impedance matching device.

The operation of the arrangement illustrated in' Fig. 6 is as follows:

The longitudinal currents flowing in phase in the inner conductors enter the metallic tubing at F where a transmission loss takes place corresponding to the lack of impedance matching at the in-phase currents in the wires, so that they two wires of the transmission line TL inside'the metallic tubing t form in conjunctiom'with the metallic tubing t a transmission line for the longitudinal currents. When the longitudinal currents on the'tube reach the coiled portion LL" of the transmission line they will flow'to earth since the surface of the metallictubing t I is short-circuited and the electrical length of the ground lead is of the order of a wave-length. The longitudinal currents in the tWoWires will also flow to earth through the distributed ca.- pacity existing in the coiled portion L'L between the two wires and the metallic tubing t. Consequently, these longitudinal currents will not in-' fluence the terminalapparatus connected to the transmission line. 7 The various arrangements for reducing the cffect of longitudinal currents illustrated in Fig. 6'

may, of "course, be employed either jointly or separately, or even in combination with other protecting .arrangements.

- Referring now to Fig. 7 there is connected in 7 parallel between the two wires a and b of a transmission line TL subject to longitudinal cur rangement described in connection with Fig. 6,

the only difference being that the free extremity the electrical length chosen for the circuit comprising the coiled portion LL. The electrical length of the auxiliary transmission line depends upon the impedance value desired between the two extremities of the auxiliary transmission line TL. For example, this impedance may be made very large for the circulation currents by making the electrical length of the auxiliary transmission line an odd integral multiple of quarter wavelengths and short-circuiting the free extremity E. Obviously, a number of such auxiliary transmission lines may be provided along the main transmission line TL.

Fig. 8 illustrates another auxiliary line having a high admittance to ground for the longitudinal currents. In this figure an auxiliary transmission line ab is connected in shunt between the two wires of a main transmission line TL subject to longitudinal disturbing currents. The two wires a and b are twisted together as shown in Fig. 8. This line is also short-circuited at a distance equal to a quarter wave-length for the circulation currents for the purpose of obtaining a very high impedance looking into this auxiliary line for the circulation currents at point P. The short-circuited extremity of the transmission line is connected to ground so as to provide. a path for the longitudinal disturbing currents.

Referring to Fig. 9 it will be seen that the protecting efiect of the auxiliary transmission line illustrated in Fig. 8 may be enhanced by coiling the said transmission line so as to form at least one loop. In this arrangement the short-circuited extremity of the transmission line is connected to ground through a condenser so as to form a series resonant path having a high admittance to the longitudinal currents. This system necessitates in certain cases the provision of screening means round the coiled portion L of the transmission line and the associated con-- denser, but the necessity of providing screening means for the coiled portion L of the auxiliary transmission line may be avoided. however, by utilizing the arrangement of Fig. 10.

In Fig. 10 an auxiliary wire c is included between the two wires of the auxiliary transmission line ab. For the sake of simplicity, the auxiliary transmission line ab is illustrated by parallel wires, but in fact, the wires of the transmission line are twisted together in a manner similar to that shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The electrical length of the portion PQ is adjusted by short-circuitingthe wires a and b at Q. The two wires of the transmission lines as well as the auxiliary wire are all short-circuited at a point R and connected to ground. The electrical lengths of the portion PQ equals an odd integral multiple of quarter wave-lengths for the circulation currents while the electrical length PQR equals an integral multiple of half wave-lengths of the longitudinal currents. This half wave-length auxiliary transmission line short-circuited at one of its extremities provides a path of high admittance for the longitudinal currents. The wire 0 functions as a screen for the portion L of the auxiliary transmission line PR.

It will thus be seen that thearrangement in Fig. 10 is such that: the wires (1 and b are connected to the main transmission line TL at the input terminals of a device, such as the transmitter or receiver device A in Fig. l. The third.

wire 0 is connected to the screening arrangement of this apparatus in the vicinity of the input terminals of said apparatus. The auxiliary transmission line thus arranged may be wound on a.

suitable insulating form so as to reduce the bulk of the arrangement, and the whole may be placed inside a suitable screen such as a metal box in order to protect it against extraneous influences.

Fig. 11 illustrates an auxiliary twisted transmission line arranged so as to' form one or more loops. In order. to form with the inductance of the coiled portion L of the auxiliary transmission line a parallel resonant circuit located in series in the path of the longitudinal currents, one terminal of the adjustable condenser C is connected to wire a of the transmission line TL and the other terminal is connected to wire b the path of the longitudinal currents comprising the two wires a and b being in parallel.

In Fig. 12 an arrangement is illustrated comprising a shunt anda series element which, as indicated before, form a current discriminator. In this figure a main transmission line TL connects the two devices A and B, and an auxiliary transmission line T1L1 and an auxiliary wire 0 are associated with this main line. The Wire 0 is connected to ground at both of its extremities while the free end only of the transmission line TlLl is connected to ground. The length Q8 of the auxiliary line T1L1 is equal to an integral multiple of half a wave-length for the longitudinal currents, that is where i1 is the wave-length of the longitudinal currents. Since the auxiliary transmission line TiLi is grounded at S, the impedance at Q for longitudinal currents is very low, that is, substantially zero. The length PQ of the main line TL is equal to an odd integral multiple of a quarter wave-length for the longitudinal currents. Since the impedance at Q is at the most equal to the impedance due to the line QS which is very low at.

Q, the impedance at P for the longitudinalcurrents will be very high, that is, substantially infinite. The wires a and b of the auxiliary transmission line TlLl are short-circuited at a point B. such that the distance QR is equal to an odd integral multiple of quarter wave-lengths of the desired circulation currents which distance is designated where A2 is the wave-length of the circulation currents.

It will be observed that in the system of Fig. 12,

the shunt element QS corresponds to that shown in Fig. and in addition a series element PQ constitutedby means of transmission lines is inciuded in the system of Fig. 12. These series and shunt elements which form a discriminator may, of course be associated in numerous different ways.

Figs. 13 and 14 are diagrammatic representations of the system of Fig. 12, Fig. 13 corresponding to that of Fig. 12 inso far as longitudinal currents are concerned and Fig. 14 corresponding in so far as circulation currents are concerned. In Fig. 13 the impedance Z rep-resents the high impedance of the series element PQ and Y represents the high admittance of the shunt element QS. In Fig. 14 the impedance Z represents the high impedance of the portion QR of the shunt element QS. The discriminator may have one or more sections, each section comprising either or both the shunt and series elements described above. The system of Fig. 12 is an example of a discriminator having one section including both a shunt and a series element, and the system of Fig. is an example of a discriminator having two sections, each comprising both types of elements.

Referring to Fig. 15 the two devices A and B are connected by means of a main transmission line TL, and two auxiliary transmission lines T1L1 and 'I'2L2 are associated with this main transmission line. The transmission lines TL and T1L1 are each similar to the one described in connec- 15 tion with Fig. 12. The only difierence between the systems of Figs. 12 and 15 lies in the provision in the latter of a second auxiliary transmission line T2L2 bridged at Q1 on the main transmission line TL. The length Q1S1 of the auxiliary transmission line TzLz is substantially equal to an integral multiple of a half wave-length for the longitudinal currents and the length Q1Q is substantially equal to an integral multiple of a quarter wave-length for the longitudinal currents. Since the transmission line T2L2 is grounded at $1 for longitudinal currents, the impedance at Q1 for longitudinal currents is very low and at Q very high, the apparatus B being connected at Q1.

The operation of thecircuit of Fig. 15 may be best understood with reference to Figs. 16 and 17 which represent circuits corresponding to the circuit of Fig. 15 respectively for the longitudinal and circulation currents.

In Fig. 16, Z1 and Z2 are the high impedances for longitudinal currents of the series elements PQ and QQ1 and A1 and A2 are the high admittances for these currents of the shunt elements QS and 62131. In Fig. 17, Z1 and Z2 represent the high impedance for circulation cur- 40 rents of the shunt elements QR and Q1R1.

In Fig. 18 a system for balancing out the spurious circulation currents which may be set up in the transmission line is shown which is quite different from that of Fig. 10. In Fig. 18

45 the transmission line TL comprises a plurality of conductors I, I; 2, 2'; 3, 3' and 4, 4' symmetrically disposed with respect to a disturbing field H which may be variable both in amplitude, in frequency, and in direction. This disturbing 50 field produces in the conductors l, I; 2, 2'; 3, 3' and 4, 4 spurious circulation currents flowing, for instance in the directions indicated bythe arrows f and f. It will be seen that in the wires i l, l and 3, 3' the spurious currents flow in op- 55 posite directions, and likewise in the wires 2, 2

and 4, 4'. If the distance between the wires l, I and 3, 3; 2, 2' and 4, 4' is small as compared to the wave-length of the disturbing field H, the

spurious circulation currents flowing for instance 60 in the wires l, I and 3, 3' will be substantially equal and of opposite phase. If the wires l, I

and 3, 3' are interconnected in the manner shown in Fig. 18, these spurious circulation currents will balance out in the wires connecting A and'B and 5 to points 5 and 5 respectively. Likewise, the

spurious circulation currents induced in the two wires 2, 2 and 4, 4' will balance out in the wires connecting A and B with points 6 and 6' respectively. The points 5 and 6 (and 5' and 6) are at 70 thesame potential as far as the spurious circulation currents are concerned. It will be clear, therefore, that only the useful circulation currents transmitted for instance from device A will affect device B, since these useful circulation cura 75 rents flow in the wires l, l; 2, 2'; 3, 3' and 4, 4

disturbances.

in directions indicated by the arrows F and F and the corresponding currents in the two wires I, l and 3, 3' for instancewill add together at point 5. Instead of an arrangement utilizing only 4 wires as in Fig. 18, a greater number of to the incoming field impinging on the antenna:

B. The transmission line TL picks up incoming signals as well as the antennaB, thus disturbing the directional eifect of the antenna B. In the transmission. line TL the series element Zand the shunt elements Y1 and Y2 which elements are illustrated schematically but may be similar to those described in detail above, are provided for the purpose of reducing considerably the pick-up of the signals by the transmission line TL, and therefore of improving the directivity of the an-.-

tenna. Such an arrangement increases the ratio of signal to noise for the receiving system; The devices Y1 and Y2 ofrFig. 19, like the device Y of Fig. 13, represent shunt admittances for the longitudinal currents without grounding the circulating signal currents, as illustrated inFigs. 6 to 10, 12 and 15; while the device Z, like thedevioe Z in Fig. 13, represents a seriesimpedance for the longitudinal currents without adding appreciable loss for the circulating signal currents, as illustrated in Figs. 2 to 6, 12 and 15;

Since certain 'of the arrangements described above provide a low impedance path forthe longitudinal currentswhich may be introduced in the signaling circuit without substantially affecting the signaling currents, it will be possible, to provide such low impedance path for the currents set up by a particular source of, disturbances such as a nearby transmitter or other sources of This may .be particularly usefulwhen a radio transmitter is located in the vicinity of the receiver.

The arrangements describedabove are capable of other applications than disturbance preven- I tion. For example, it is possible with such a r rangements to receive simultaneously'or not signals from two different stations on the same an-'- tenna system, the reception from one of the stations being directional and from the other nondirectional. In such a case, the directional cur-,

rents will use the. path of the circulation currents 'for the sameor different'wave-lengths. ,Since:

the line is in eifect a single conductor for the longitudinal, that is, for the non-directional currents it may be convenientto connect the; grid of the first valve of the receiver tothe wires of the line soldered together at a-distanceequal to an odd integral multiple of a quarter wave-length from the auxiliary transmission line extremity which is connected to ground. v

The arrangements described above may alsobe employed with advantages in the case of radio transmitters in which case the sending antenna radiation affects the currents. in the feeding transmission line and therefore the value of the currents outgoing. from the sending station.

Qltain 0f the arrangements described above,

such as for instance the one of Fig. 14, may be designed so"as to have a high: admittance looking from the antenna for longitudinal currents, and advantages may be derived from this property of the arrangement. Supposing a static charge induced in the antenna system for instance, by an atmospheric disturbance, this charge will flow to earth through a low impedance path, and therefore it will set up a low voltage across the input On the,

terminals of the signaling apparatus. contrary, if the impedance to ground is high, the voltage set up by the same static charge will be higher and the disturbing effect on the signaling apparatus will be greater.

7 Although the invention has been described in connection with specific arrangements it is obvious that other arrangements may be employed and the various features may be successfully applied in low frequency as well as in radio or car- 'rier transmission systems without exceeding the scope of the invention. What is claimed is: 1. In combination, a main transmission line conveying in-phase currents of one frequency and oppositely-phased currents of another frequency, a plurality of auxiliary lines each equal in length to a half wave-length or a multiple thereof of said in-phase currents and having tors being connected to the grounded end of another auxiliary line, and a utilization circuit connected to theline at one pair of the first mentioned points.

2. In combination, a transmission line conveying in-phase currents of one frequency and oppositely-phased currents of another frequency, a current discriminator connected thereto and comprising a shunt admittance and a series impedance for the in-phase currents, said shunt 'admittancecomprising an auxiliary line having a length equal to a half-wave length, or a multiple thereof, of said in-phase currents, said auxiliary line having one end connected across the main line and its other end ,short-circuited and grounded, said auxiliary line being short-circuited at a point located a quarter wave length or an odd multiple thereof of the oppositely- -phased currents from the main line, said series *parallel to said auxiliary line and'to a portion of impedance comprising a conductor positioned said transmission line, said conductor having a length equal to a quarter wave length or an odd multiple thereof of the in-phase currents and its terminals connected to ground;

3. In combination, a main transmission line comprising a plurality of conductors,.a current discriminator comprising a shunt admittance and a series impedance; said shunt admittance comprising an auxiliary line connected between said main line and the ground; said series impedance comprising similar. portions of each of the main line conductors and an'additional conductor-disposed in parallel relation and cooperating with said portions, the admittance having a value such as toi'mpede' the'fiow ofdesired currents while permitting flow of undesired currents and the impedance having a value such as to impede the flow of undesired while permitting the flow of'desired currents.

4. In combination, a main transmission line comprising a plurality of conductors, a current discriminator comprising a shunt admittance and a series impedance, said shunt admittance comprising an auxiliary line connected between said main line and the ground, said series impedance comprising similar portions of each of the main line conductors and an additional conductor disposed in parallel relation and connected with each of said portions, the'admittance having a value such as to impede the flow of desired currents while permitting flow of undesired currents and the impedance having a value such as to impede the flow of undesired'while permitting the'flow of desired currents.

5. In combination, a main transmission line comprising a plurality of conductors conveying in-phase currents of one frequency and oppositely-phased currents of another frequency, a current discriminator comprising a shunt admittance and aseries impedance, said shunt admittance comprising an auxiliary line connected between said main line and the ground, the electrical value of said'shunt admittance being such as to permit the flow of the in-phase currents while impeding the flow of the oppositely-phased currents, said series impedance comprising similar portions of each main line conductor and an additional conductor connected to" ground at both its extremities and having a value such as to impede the flow of the in-phase currents while permitting the flow of the oppositely-phased currents.

6. In radio transmission, a transmission line comprising a plurality of conductors, shunt admittance means having a shunt conductive connection of constant potential and adapted to permit the flow thereinto of the undesired currents in said conductors while impeding the flow there- 'into' of the desired currents in said conductors,

and series impedancemeans comprising similar lineal portions of said plurality of conductors and an additional conductor connected to ground at both its extremities and cooperating with said plurality of portions for impeding the flow of the .undesired currents in said portions.

'7. In radio transmission, a transmission line comprising a plurality of conductors, shunt admittance means comprising an auxiliary line having one portion connected in shunt with said conductors and having another portion shortcircuited at constant potential and adaptedto permit the fiow thereinto of the undesired currents in said conductors while impeding the flow thereinto of the desired currents in said conductors, and series impedance means comprising similar lineal portions of said plurality of conductors and an additional conductor conductively connected with and disposed parallel to said plurality of lineal portions for impeding the flow of the undesired currents in said lineal portions.

'8. In a radio signaling system, a transmission line comprising a plurality of conductors, an auxiliary line having one end connected in shunt relation with said conductors of said transmission line and having its other end short-circuited and having a lengthbetween said ends equal to a halfwave length or an integral multiple thereof, of the "undesired currents in said conductors and having another short-circuiting connection disposed a distance from said transmission line equal to a quarter-wave length, or an odd multiple thereof, of the desired currents in said transmission line, and an additional conductor connected with and disposed parallel to said transmission line conductors and having a length equal to a quarter-wave length, or an odd multiple thereof, of the undesired currents in said transmission line.

9. Apparatus for reducing or eliminating longitudinal currents in a high frequency transmission line comprising means coupled in shunt relation with the plurality of said line conductors for draining said longitudinal currents from said line, while impeding the flow of useful currents therefrom, and means including an additional conductor disposed in parallel relation with the plurality of said line conductors and having a resonant length with respect to the wave-length of said longitudinal currents for impeding the flow of said longitudinal currents in said line.

10. In radio transmission, a transmission line, and an auxiliary line therefrom to ground having such critical length with respect to the wavelength of waves of an undesired frequency as to readily permit said waves of undesired frequency to flow to ground and a connection operatively bridging said auxiliary line at such critical length from said transmission line as to exclude Waves of a desired frequency.

11. A high frequency system including a main line and an auxiliary line having one end operatively connected therewith, said auxiliary line having an entire length substantially equal to a multiple of a half wave-length of waves of one frequency and having an operatively short-circuiting connection at a length from said main line substantially equal to a multiple of a quarter wave-length of waves of another frequency.

12. In combination, a main transmission line conveying in-phase currents and oppositelyphased currents, a plurality of auxiliary lines each equal in length to a half wave-length or a multiple thereof of said in-phase currents and having one end short-circuited and grounded, said auxiliary lines being bridged across the main line at points spaced a quarter wave-length or an odd multiple thereof of said in-pnase currents, each auxiliary line being short-circuited at a point located a quarter wave-length or an odd multiple thereof of said oppositely-phased currents from said main line, a plurality'of conductors comprising with said main transmission line conductors,"

circuits for said in-phase currents, and each being equal in length to an odd multiple of a quarter wave-length of the in-phase currents, one of the conductors being connected to the grounded end of one auxiliary line and another of said conductors being connected to the grounded end of another auxiliary line and a utilization circuit connected to the line at one pair of the first mentioned points. 7 I

13. In combination, a transmission line conveying in-phase currents and oppositely-phased currents, a current discriminator connected thereto and comprising a shunt admittance and a series impedance for the in-phase currents, said shunt V admittance comprising an auxiliary line having a length equal to a half-wave length, or a multiple thereof, of said in-phase currents, said auxiliary thereof of the in-phase currents and its terminals connected to ground.

14. In combination, a main transmissionline comprising a plurality of conductors, a current discriminator comprising a shunt admittance and a series impedance, said shunt admittance com-- prising an auxiliary line connected between said 7 main line and the ground, said series impedance comprising similar portions of each of the main line conductors and an' additional conductor'disposed in parallel relation and cooperating with said portions, the admittance having a resonant value such as to impede the flow of desired currents while permitting flow of undesired currents and the impedance having a resonant value such 7 as to impede the flovvof undesired while permitting the flow of desired currents.

JULIEN J. B. LAIR. GEORGES E; M. PERROUX; 

